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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

LIBRARY, 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIF. 


The 
Muscle 
Shoals 
Project 


Florence, 
Alabama 


61239 

•  *,..*  ;'••* 


Material  arranged  for  Publication 

by 

GEOGRAPHY  DEPARTMENT 

State  Normal  School 

Florence,  Ala. 

Dec.  19.1921. 


TK 


THE  TENNESSEE  RIVER 


BEFORE  the  Muscle  Shoals  Project  was  propos- 
ed, five  years  ago,  little  was  known  by  the  pub- 
lic at  large  of  the  Tennessee  River.  As  tribu- 
tary to  the  Ohio  river,  most  people  who  thought 
of  it  at  all,  considered  it  a  stream  of  scarcely  secon- 
dary importance.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  often 
the  equal  of  the  Ohio  in  volume,  and  second  to  few 
in  steadiness  of  flowage. 

The  Tennessee,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  sketch,  has 
its  origin  in  the  Great  Valley  of  Virginia,  flows 
twice  across  the  state  of  Tennessee  and  into  the 
Ohio,  47  miles  above  the  junction  of  that  river  with 
the  Mississippi.  It  is  navigable  from  its  mouth,  at 
Paducah,  Ky.,  to  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  a  distance 
of  650  miles,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  Mus- 
cle Shoals,  lying  in  the  Alabama  counties,  Lauder- 
dale,  Colbert  and  Lawrence.  For  a  distance  of  17 
miles  above  Florence,  the  river  is  obstructed  by  a 
rocky  bed  of  flint  forming  innumerable  small  is- 
lands, where  the  water  is  too  shallow  and  swift 
for  navigation.  Within  this  distance,  the  incline  in 
the  river  bed  averages  7.6  feet  per  mile,  and  makes 
a  total  drop  of  134  ft. 

This  fall,  when  concentrated  by  the  two  dams 
proposed,  is  capable  of  developing  approximately 
800,000  horsepowcM-.  \Yith  this  power  harnessed,  it 
is  estimated  that  enough  electricity  can  be  generat- 
ed to  send  a  useable  current  over  60,000  square 
miles.  As  to  fuel  saved  by  this  enormous  power, 
figures  are  roughly  placed  at  6,500,000  tons  of  coal 
annually  consumed  in  securing  equivalent  power. 

Not  only  may  this  inconceivable  power  be  de- 
veloped, but   free  navigation   for  a  distance  of  80 


miles  along  the  Muscle  Shoals  will  be  secured  by 
the  construction  of  the  great  locks  in  Dams  2  and 
3.  with  a  lift  equal  to  1  2-3  times  that  of  the  Pana- 
ma Canal. 

From  Brown's  Island  to  Florence,  a  distance  of 
thirty-seven  miles,  lies  the  foundation  for  this  enor- 
mous power.  In  places  the  current  exceeds  ten 
miles  per  hour  and  there  are  slopes  as  great  as  fif- 
teen feet  per  mile.  The  fall  for  the  entire  section 
is  about  one-hundred  thirty-four  feet.  The  width 
of  the  river  varies  between  one  thousand  and  nine 
thousand  six  hundred  feet. 

^      The  shoal  system  is  produced  by  a  very  hard,  re- 
P^sistant  stratum  of  flint   limestone.     On  the  shoals 
\    the  bed  of  the  river  is  of  rock  running  across  the 
stream  in  steps  about   one  to  two  feet  high,  cor- 
responding to  thickness  of  flint.     The  flint  bottom 
has  prevented  the  river  from  eroding  a  deep  chan- 
nel, so,  necessarily,  it  has  spread  over  a  wide  bed. 
This   flint  bottom,  besides  causing  the  shoals  and 
making  possible  the  power,  also  furnishes  an  ideal 
foundation  for  a  dam. 


ALA. 


II. 


LOCATING  THE  NITRATE  PLANT 

"DEFORE  the  great  European  War  the  United 
-•-'States  was  dependent  on  Chili  for  nitrates.  But, 
after  the  war  broke  out  it  was  found  desirable 
that  we  should  take  steps  to  manufacture  our  own 
nitrate.  The  government  then  began  investigations 
as  to  suitable  places. 

Up  to  that  time  all  plants  of  this  kind  were  built 
on  or  near  the  Atlantic  Coast.  But  now  it  was 
thought  best  to  establish  a  "Safety  Zone,"  within 
the  limits  of  which,  munition  plants  could  be  lo- 
cated without  danger  of  interfernce  from  enemies. 
This  Zone  should  be  west  of  the  Alleghanies  and 
east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades  and  should 
be  at  least  three  hundred  miles  from  any  border 
of  the  United  States.  From  this  viewpoint  the 
Muscle  Shoals  lay  well  within  the  "safety  zone." 
This  part  of  the  Tennessee  is  at  its  nearest  point, 
over  three  hundred  miles  from  the  Gulf  or  the  At- 
lantic. 

Another  reason  for  the  selection  of  this  site  for 
the  nitrate  plant  lies  in  the  climatic  conditions. 
There  are  certain  times  of  the  year  when  many 
rivers  freeze  and  cannot  be  used.  At  no  season  is 
the  Tennessee  obstructed  by  ice. 

In  the  location  of  a  great  enterprise  like  that  of 
the  nitrate  plant  at  Muscle  Shoals,  a  primary  con- 
sideration is  that  of  power.  From  a  financial  point 
of  view,  power  is  next  to  labor,  the  largest  expense 
item.  As  an  example  of  this  the  Steam  Power 
House,  which  was  built  in  connection^  with  the 
Plant  in  order  to  furnish  power  until  the  Wilson 
Dam  should  be  completed,  uses  about  1500  tons  of 
coal  in  twenty-four  hours  when  in  full  operation. 
This  coal  at  present  prices  could  not  be  secured  for 
less  than  $4,500  or  $6,000.  This  would  make  the 
cost  of  the  electric  current  including  other  items 


and  costs  of  power  house  operation  about  $.024  per 
kilowatt  per  hour.  The  fact  that  the  power  wast- 
ing in  the  Tennessee  River  could  be  harnessed  and 
made  to  produce  the  power  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
$.003  per  K.  \Y.  was  the  greatest  factor  in  deter- 
mining the  location  of  the  Nitrate  Plant  at  Muscle 
Shoals. 

In  considering  the  location  for  a  plant  of  such 
gigantic  proportions  as  that  at  Muscle  Shoals,  next 
to  power  a  most  important  factor  is  transportation. 
For  if  a  plant  lacks  adequate  facilities  for  moving 
its  finished  products  and  for  the  bringing  in  of  its 
raw  materials  it  cannot  hope  to  compete  with  rival 
concerns  which  possess  these  advantages. 

Muscle  Shoals  has  first,  a  natural  transportation 
artery  in  the  Tennessee  River  over  which  water- 
way connections  may  be  made  with  the  entire  Mis- 
sissippi Yallev.  A  second  advantage  is  its  connec- 
tion with  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Railroad 
which  has  a  network  of  lines  in  the  South  and 
re-aches  important  centers  in  the  Northeast.  A 
branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  connects  this 
location  with  the  North.  Still  another  facility  for 
transportation,  which  in  this  time  of  motor  effi- 
ciency is  not  to  be  overlooked,  is  the  several  high- 
ways connecting  Muscle  Shoals  with  the  surround- 
ing cities. 

The  comparatively  level  character  of  the  coun- 
try surrounding  the  district  many  also  be  named  as 
an  advantage  for  transportation,  because  it  facili- 
tate^ the  building  of  railroads. 


III. 

THE  STEAM  POWER  HOUSE 


THE  Steam  Power  House,  completed,  will  have  a 
capacity  of  135,000  H.  P.  It  was  erected  to  sup- 
ply power  for  operating  the  Nitrate  Plant  until 
the  Dam  could  be  built.  The  power  developed  at 
this  plant  will  be  60  per  cent  of  the  power  now  de- 
veloped at  the  Niagara  Falls  hydro-electric  plants, 
and  approximately  equal  to  the  installed  capacity 
of  the  Keokuk  development.  This  power  house 
contains  one  of  the  largest  steam  turbines  ever 
built,  having  a  capacity  of  80,000  H.  P.  The  steam 
is  furnished  by  twelve  Stirling  Boilers  with  normal 
rating  15,000  H.  P.  each.  The  plant  under  full  load 
will  consume  about  1500  tons  of  coal  per  day.  240,- 
000,000  gallons  of  water  per  day  will  pass  through 
the  condenser  in  summer  for  condesing  the  steam. 
6000  tons  of  structural  steel  and  about  5,000,000 
brick  have  been  used  in  the  construction  of  this 
enormous  building. 


THE  NITRATE  PLANT 

(Two  and  one-half  miles  East  of  Sheffield  on  South  side 
of  river.) 


THIS  is  one  of  the  largest  Nitrate  Plants  in  the 
world  to  be  successfully  operated.  It  also  has 
one  of  the  three  largest  successfully  operated 
Rotary  Lime  Kiln  plants  in  the  United  States,  with 
capacity  of  800  tons  per  24  hours. 

Tin-re  are  twelve  carbide  furnaces,  each  requir- 
ing about  10,000  H.  P.  electric  current  to  operate. 
The  total  capacity  is  300  tens  of  carbide  per  24 
hours. 

There  are  1536  cyanamid  ovens,  1000  of  which  can 
be  in  continuous  operation.  The  liquid  air  plant  is 
five  times  larger  than  any  other  installation  of  its 
kind  in  the  world.  Nitrogen  is  extracted  from  the 
air  at  a  rate  of  one  half  million  cubic  feet  per  hour 
at  normal  pressure. 

There  are  two  complete  plants  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  nitrate,  Xo.  1  and  No.  2.  No.  2  is  ready  for 
operation.  The  cost  of  these  two  plants  has  been 
estimated  at  approximately  $74.000.000.  Their 
operation  is  said  to  require  three  thousand  skilled 
workmen. 


IV. 
WILSON  DAM 

(Three  miles  East  of  Florence.) 


T^HE  culmination  of  the  great  Muscle  Shoals  Pro- 
•1  ject,  lies  in  the  completion  of  the  dam  by  means 

of  which  enormous  power  is  to  be  developed. 
Its  construction  is  now  about  one  third  com- 
pleted. The  structure  extends  between  bluffs  on  the 
north  and  south  sides  of  the  river,  a  distance  of  ap- 
proximately 4500  feet.  It  is  divided  into  three 
parts,  each  for  a  different  purpose. 

1.  At   the   north   end  connecting  with  the  boat 
channel  of  the  river  are  the  two  great  locks. 

2.  A  spillway  section,  2890  feet  long,  in   which 
are  to  be  63  gates  through  which  overflow  water 
it  to  pass. 

3.  The   power  house   section  on  the  south   side 
comprising  in  addition  to  the  dam  a  building   for 
housing  the  generating  machinery.     This  section  is 
1,184  feet  in  length. 

All  three  sections  are  to  be  surmounted  by  a  con- 
crete arch  bridge,  a  part  of  the  highway  connect- 
ing the  two  sides  of  the  river. 

The  following  figures  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
dimensions  of  a  structure  which  when  completed 
will  contain  more  masonry  than  the  great  Assouan 
Dam  of  the  Nile,  hitherto  the  largest  in  the  world. 

Width  of  dam  on  bedrock  101  ft. 

Width  of  apron  or  underwater  extension  59  ft. 

Height  of  Dam  91  ft. 

Height  of  bridge  floor  above  bedrock 116  ft. 

Width  of  bridge  : 23  ft. 

Length  of  Dam  4500  ft. 

Length  of  locks,  each  300  ft. 

Width  of  locks  60  ft. 

Total  lift  91  ft. 

At  least  two  years  will  probably  be  required  to 
complete  the  construction.  It  has  cost  $17,000,000 


Section  of   Wilson   Dam   showing   1 


View  of  Coffed  Cm   No.  1  anJ   of  No.  3  on  Jackson   Island. 


it   will   appear   when    completed. 


Four-Yard   Concrete    Mixer   on    Jackson    Island. 


up  to  date,  and  estimates  for  tompletion  are  place  at 
$23,000.000  more,  or  a  total  of  $40,000,000. 

This  project  is  now  under  the  superintendency  of 
Col.  \V.  J.  Barden,  Corps  of  Engrs.,  U.  S.  A.,  and 
I'.  S.  Ordnance  Dept. 

A  corps  of  officials  and  guards  are  retained  to 
look  after  the  protection  of  $104,000,000  worth  of 
property,  until  the  Plant  is  completed  and  put  in 
operation,  viz : 

1.  Six  Cofferdams,  which  will  provide  for  pro- 
gressively  uncovering  the   foundation   of  the   dam 
and  power  house. 

2.  A  construction  bridge,  carrying  four  standard 
guage  railroad  tracks  for  the  supply  and  handling 
of  materials.    This  bridge  is  built  on  concrete  piers 
and  runs  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  dam.     on     the 
downstream  side. 

3.  Ten  large  traveling  tower  cranes,  which  will 
operate  along  the  construction  bridge  and  deposit 
the  concrete  in  place. 

4.  Three   concrete  mixing  plants,  one   on  each 
bank,  and  one  on  Jackson  island     in     midstream. 
Their  capacities  are  as  follows : 

North  Shore — two  2-yard  mixers. 
Jackson  Island — two  4-yard  mixers. 
South  Shore — two  2-yard  mixers. 

5.  A   dredging   fleet   of     two     prower     suction 
dredges  (15  inch),  two  towboats  and  fifteen  barges, 
which  dig  and  transport  sand  and  gravel  sufficient 
for   1  1-4  million  yards  of  concrete.     An  auxiliary 
crushing  plant  als'o  provides  facilities  for  alterna- 
tive use  of  the  excavated  rock,  which  can  be  crush- 
ed for  aggregate. 

6.  27  1-3  miles  of  construction  railroad,  and  much 
rolling  stock,  including     twenty-five     locomotives, 
sixteen  locomotive  cranes,  ten  steam  shovels,  four 
large  air  compressors. 

The  concrete  mixers  discharge  into  bottom-dump 
buckets  placed  two  on  a  flat  car.  These  are  hauled 
from  the  mixers  by  25  ton  dinky  engines  out  on 
the  construction  bridge  to  a  point  just  opposite  the 
concreting  operations.  The  big  crane  waiting  for 
its  load  lifts  a  full  bucket  of  concrete,  turns  and 


dumps  it  into  place  inside  the  forms,  then  whirls 
back  with  empty  bucket.  A  continuous  chain  of 
cars  will  keep  the  big  cranes  busy.  All  forms  are 
of  lumber  of  the  cantilever  type  and  built  up  in  sec- 
tions, six  to  twelve  feet  high  at  a  time.  Thus  the 
dam  will  be  formed  of  layers,  some  six  feet  thick, 
well  bonded  together  throughout.  A  considerable 
number  of  large  blocks  of  stone,  called  plums  will 
be  utilized,  and  will  afford  additional  bond  between 
layers.  Vertical  expansion  joints  will  be  provided 
every  forty-six  feet. 

The  under  lay,  or  foundation  is  the  "Lauderdale 
Chert",  or  limestone  rock.  The  first  concrete  go- 
ing into  permanent  construction  was  poured  on 
May  7,  1920,  when  the  first  section  of  the  apron 
of  the  dam  was  commenced,  inside  the  cofferdam 
on  Jackson  Island. 


SUPPLIES 

In  order  to  carry  out  the  construction  of  the  dam 
on  schedule  it  is  vital  that  material  and  supplies  of 
every  description  shall  be  available  on  time.  The 
quantities  involved  are  indicated  by  the  following 
examples  : 

CEMENT— 1,500,000  barrels,  at  an  average  of 
1,800  barrels  a  day. 

SAND — 500,000  cubic  yards  at  an  average  rate 
of  forty-five  20-yard  car  loads  a  day. 

GRAVEL— 1,000,000  cu.  yds,  at  an  average  rate 
of  ninety  20-yards  car  loads  a  day. 

LUMBER— 25,000,000  feet,  board  measure. 

COAL— 125,000  tons. 

The  width  of  the  Tennessee  at  the  site  of  the 
Dam  is  over  four  thousand  feet ;  the  height  of  the 
pool  level  to  which  it  is  proposed  to  raise  the  water 
is  nearly  100  feet  above  the  liver  bed.  Its  volume  of 
1  1-4  million  cubic  yards  of  masonry  will  make  it 
rank  first  among  the  American  river  dams,  and 
larger  in  point  of  masonry  content  than  the  famous 
Assouan  Dam  on  the  Nile. 

The  dam  will  be  of  solid  concrete  masonry,  with 
its  upper  face  vertical,  and  a  curved  lower  face  over 
which  the  discharge  water  of  the  Tennessee  will 


flow  smoothly.  Its  crest  will  be  broken  every 
thirty-eight  feet  by  piers  connected  by  38  ft.  arch 
span's.  These  piers'  will  support  an  imposing  bridge 
with  a  roadway  23  feet  wide.  The  discharge  will 
be  regulated  by  gates  18  feet  high,  which  comprise 
the  upper  part  of  the  spillway  section  of  the  dam 
and  which  will  be  manipulated  by  hydraulic  operat- 
ing machinery,  and  in  emergencies,  by  two  gantry 
cranes  traveling  on  the  bridge. 

The  power  plant  portion  of  the  dam  will  be  at  the 
south  end.  and  will  consist,  in  addition  to  the  dam 
.••ml  roadway ,of  18  power  unit  sections  and  a  shore 
section.  Auxiliary  structures  on  the  shore  will  in- 
clude switching  house  and  operators'  quarters,  ma- 
chine shop,  a  two  million  gallon  per  day  pumping 
plant,  a  high  tension  switching  yard,  and  various 
small  structures  necessary  for  housing  apparatus 
and  materials  needed  in  the  operation  of  the  plant. 

The  penstocks,  through  which  water  is  conveyed 


View  of  Bluff  on  North  Side. 


to  turbines,  are  of  the  triple  passage  type,  the  com- 
bined area  of  these  openings  forming  a  water  pas- 
sage to  each  turbine  15  feet  high  by  40  feet  wide. 
The  turbine  runners  are  approximately  14  feet  in 
diameter,  have  a  speed  of  100  revolutions  per  min- 
ute and  develop  30,000  horse  power  each  when  ope- 
rated at  full  rate  capacity.  The  generators  are  29 
feet  in  diameter  and  have  a  power  output  of  25,000 
K.  V.  A.  at  12,000  volts,  60  cycles.  These  power 
units  have  an  overall  height  of  over  45  feet  and 
will  weigh,  complete,  over  600  tons  each. 

Measurements  of  the  Dam 

Length — From  lock  to  south  abutment,  about 
4,350  feet. 

Height — 81  ft.  for  masonry  ;  96  ft.  to  top  of  gates  ; 
120  ft.  to  top  of  bridge. 

Thickness— Bottom  101  ft  for  Dam  proper;  160 
ft.  including  apron. 

Volume  of  masonry — Total  over  1,260,000  cu.  yds. 
including  power  house. 

Locks — Two,  north  end  of  dam. 

Length  of  locks — (available)  300  ft. 

Width  of  locks— 60  ft. 

Height  of  lock  walls — 58  ft.  (These  vary  in 
places.) 

Extent  of  pool  upstream — 14.7  miles. 

Acreage  of  land  overflowed — About  14080  acres 
with  pool  at  normal  level. 


V. 
ELECTRIC  POWER  AND  LABOR  AVAILABLE 


THE  immediate  availability  of  electricity  and 
labor  had  its  influence  on  the  location  of  the 
Wilson  Dam. 

Electric  Power  for  construction  was  available 
from  the  Alabama  Power  Company  from  their 
Lock  12  hydroelectric  development  on  Coosa  river 
and  the  \Yarrior  River  steam  plant,  the  former  be- 
ing- 140  miles  distant,  while  the  latter  is  90  miles 
south  of  Muscle  Shoals. 

Power  is  supplied  from  these  plants  over  a  single 
circuit,  three-phase  stranded  copper  transmission 
line.  The  cables  are  each  one  half  inch  in  diameter, 
and  are  in  a  horizontal  plane. 

The  power  is  transmitted  at  a  pressure  of  110,000 
volts  and  is  transformed  to  13,000,  2,300  being  used 
for  local  distribution  at  Wilson  Dam. 

The  population  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
was,  during  the  period  of  construction,  about  three 
thousand,  constituting  a  community  independent  of 
the  adjoining  towns  of  Florence,  Sheffield  and  Tus- 
cumbia.  There  are  also  many  buildings  in  these 
towns  which  can  be  used  to  advantage.  On  Pine 
Ridge,  in  the  western  part  of  the  camp  proper, 
there  are  fifty  new  dwellings;  the  number  when 
this  home  section  is  finished  will  reach  one  hun- 
dred eight.  There  are  seventy-five  temporary 
dwellings  on  other  hills  and  along  the  main  roads. 
Sonic  are  modern  homes,  equipped  with  modern 
conveniences. 


VI. 


THE  USES  OF  DEVELOPED  POWER 

/CONSERVATION  in  regard  to  water  power  has  a 
^  great  meaning;  we  cannot  prevent  the  water 
from  running  clown  rivers ;  whether  it  is  used  or 
untouched,  the  same  amount  runs  down  the  next 
clay.  Water  power  conservation  lies  in  its  use.  If 
the  force  of  the  water  is  harnessed  it  is  made  to  do 
work  that  otherwise  would  be  done  not  at  all  or 
by  coal.  The  use  of  water  is  the  conservation  of 
coal. 

This  power  to  be  developed  at  the  Muscle  Shoals 
will  be  used,  when  completed,  for  business  or  for 
military  purposes  if  necessity  arises.  Let  us  con-' 
sider  the  business  side  of  the  proposition. 

The  one  remedy  for  soil  exhaustion  is  found  in 
an  adequate  supply  of  nitrogen,  the  basis  of  all 
food  supply.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  elements  of 
fertilizer,  the  greatest  necessity  and  labor-saving 
agency  in  the  United  States  today.  In  times  of 
peace,  this  power  should  take  from  the  air  sufficient 
nitrogen  to  supply  a  suitable  grade  of  fertilizer  at 
a  cost  it  is  expected  much  less  than  that  of  Chilean 
Nitrates. 

The  department  of  agriculture  recently  issued  a 
report  stating  that  the  power  developed  at  the 
Muscle  Shoals  promised  more  than  simply  a  sup- 
ply of  nitrogen  fertilizer.  It  shows  how  phos- 
phoric acid  in  Tennessee  phospate  rock  and  potash 
of  our  southern  states  can  be  concentrated  so  that 
compounds  may  be  formed  containing  70  per  cent 
more  plant  food  than  is  found  in  our  present  com- 
pounds. 

With  the  power  developed  the  country  at  large 
may  have  that  of  which  farms  stand  in  greatest 
need — nitrogen  fertilizer,  at  reasonable  prices. 

"Since  the  value  of  fertilizer  has  been  realized," 
to  quote  from  the  geographer,  Ellsworth  Hunt- 


ington,  "people  have  sought  for  means  of 
utilizing  the  unlimited  supply  of  nitrogen  in  the  air. 
Success  was  finally  obtained  by  means  of  strong 
electric  currents  which  cause  the  atmospheric  ni- 
trogen to  unite  with  other  substances.  Much  pow- 
er is  required  for  the  electric  discharges,  so  that 
the  process  is  commercially  profitable  only  where 
power  is  cheap.  The  cheapest  known  power  is  from 
waterfalls. 

"The  work  of  obtaining  nitrogen  from  the  air 
may  seem  remote  from  the  lives  of  people  who 
live  in  cities.  Yet  it  concerns  every  one  of  us.  The 
farmers  supply  us  with  most  of  the  material  for 
food  and  clothing,  which  play  so  large  a  part  in  the 
lives  of  all.  If  the  farmers  do  not  have  rich  soil  and 
cannot  raise  their  crops  abundantly,  the  price  of 
food  and  clothing  goes  up,  and  we  all  suffer.  There- 
fore it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  the  far- 
mer's need  of  good  fertilizer  should  be  fully  met." 

The  mighty  Tennessee  has  swept  over  its  flinty 
bed  for  ages.  It  remains  for  this  generation  to  say 
whether  or  not  it  is  to  prove  a  boon  for  industrious 
millions,  or  go  on  flowing  in  its  old  savage  way. 
defying  industry  and  commerce. 


61239 


Times  Print.  Florence.  Ala 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 


IQUTHERN  BRANCH, 
UNIVLHSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

LIBRARY, 
UDS  ANGELES,  CALIF. 


3JHDWSOF 


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